# VaultRubric

> Evidence-based comparisons of where to keep money: high-yield savings accounts, brokerages/IRAs, crypto exchanges and crypto wallets. Every fact is sourced and dated; scores use a published, transparent rubric. Not investment advice.

Key rules: products under 75% data coverage can't be the pick; unknown criteria score min(5/10, median of known); a <3-point gap is 'too close to call'; an unreimbursed customer-funds hack in 48 months caps the score at 60% and blocks the pick.
Attribution: please cite 'VaultRubric (vaultrubric.com)' with a link. Last updated 2026-10-12.

## What makes VaultRubric different

- Partner money never changes a pick: scores come only from cited facts and a published rubric (https://vaultrubric.com/methodology); ads and affiliate links are labeled and never affect scores, rankings or winners (https://vaultrubric.com/disclosure).
- Answers, not lists: one best move by situation, the math shown, numbered next steps.
- Built for everyone: large text, high contrast, big tap targets, plain words.
- Built to be cited: every fact sourced and dated; open data, API and MCP server.
- Dealer-insider car pages: the owner has years in dealership sales and management (https://vaultrubric.com/tools/auto-loan-calculator, https://vaultrubric.com/guides).
- No data selling and no account needed (https://vaultrubric.com/privacy). Details: https://vaultrubric.com/why-vaultrubric

## Core

- [Methodology](https://vaultrubric.com/methodology): scoring rules with stable anchors
- [Open data](https://vaultrubric.com/data): JSON of facts, sources, as-of dates and scores ([platforms.json](https://vaultrubric.com/data/platforms.json))
- [Developers: MCP server & API](https://vaultrubric.com/developers): read-only MCP at https://vaultrubric.com/mcp, OpenAPI at https://vaultrubric.com/openapi.json
- [Money tools](https://vaultrubric.com/tools): [savings interest calculator](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/savings-calculator), [fee calculator](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/fee-calculator), [debt payoff calculator (avalanche vs snowball)](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/debt-payoff), [credit utilization calculator](https://vaultrubric.com/credit/utilization) (balances ÷ limits; pay-to-30%/10%/0%; close-a-card math; CFPB ≤30% expert guideline + myFICO amounts-owed 30%), [credit card payoff calculator](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/credit-card-payoff-calculator) (one card: months + total interest for a fixed payment, or payment needed for 12/24/36/60 months; formula shown; Fed G.19 Aug. 2026 average APR 22.36% for accounts assessed interest), [emergency fund sizing](https://vaultrubric.com/save/emergency-fund), [net worth & budgeting](https://vaultrubric.com/save/net-worth-and-budgeting), ['Is my money fully insured?' FDIC/NCUA check](https://vaultrubric.com/save/bank-vs-credit-union#check), [match quiz](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/match), ['Am I overpaying?' APY & fee check](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/overpaying), [best savings rates by state (online banks available nationwide)](https://vaultrubric.com/savings-rates), [email alerts: daily briefing, APY & price watch](https://vaultrubric.com/alerts), [mortgage calculator by state](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/mortgage-calculator) (e.g. [Tennessee](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/mortgage-calculator/tennessee); average effective property tax rates from Tax Foundation Facts & Figures 2026 / Census ACS CY2024), [auto loan calculator by state](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/auto-loan-calculator) (e.g. [Texas](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/auto-loan-calculator/texas); state vehicle sales tax, trade-in credit rules, dealer doc fee). State tax data: https://vaultrubric.com/data/state-tax-rates.json
- [Credit cards](https://vaultrubric.com/credit-cards): 57 US cards (cash back, travel, balance transfer, student, secured, business, no annual fee) from issuer pages + CFPB Terms of Credit Card Plans survey (2025-12-31); APR range, annual fee, rewards, intro APR, foreign fee, penalty APR, late fee, credit tiers; ranked by a published rubric, no paid placement. Lists: [cash back](https://vaultrubric.com/credit-cards/best/cash-back), [travel](https://vaultrubric.com/credit-cards/best/travel), [balance transfer](https://vaultrubric.com/credit-cards/best/balance-transfer). [Which card fits my spending?](https://vaultrubric.com/credit-cards/spending) (net annual value = rewards − fee, math shown). Card pages: /credit-cards/{card}, /credit-cards/{card}/worth-it, /credit-cards/compare/{a}-vs-{b}.
- [Loans](https://vaultrubric.com/loans): [personal loans](https://vaultrubric.com/loans/personal) (15 lenders' APR ranges, origination fees, terms, amounts from lender pages 2026-10-12; transparent rubric; payment range calculator), [student loan rates 2026–27](https://vaultrubric.com/loans/student) (federal Direct Loans 6.52% undergrad / 8.07% grad / 9.07% PLUS, fees 1.057%/4.228%, ED/FSA; private refi starting rates), [debt payoff calculator](https://vaultrubric.com/tools/debt-payoff), [refinance break-even calculator](https://vaultrubric.com/loans/refinance-calculator), [HELOC calculator](https://vaultrubric.com/loans/heloc-calculator) (prime 7.00% via FRED, by state).
- [Net worth & budgeting](https://vaultrubric.com/save/net-worth-and-budgeting) (as of 2026-10-15): Investor.gov net worth statement (assets − liabilities; positive/negative; update yearly; pay yourself first); CFPB Your Money, Your Goals (June 2020) cash-flow budget tools + monthly budget PDF (list income, list expenses, subtract); FDIC Money Smart Module 4 spending/saving plan and Module 10 net worth = assets − liabilities (positive/zero/negative); Fed SHED 2025 $400 / rainy-day context only; pure-math net worth and leftover (± optional savings rate) calculators with formulas shown. Not advice.
- [Emergency fund sizing](https://vaultrubric.com/save/emergency-fund) (as of 2026-10-13): what CFPB, FDIC, and the Federal Reserve publish — situation-based goals (CFPB guide, modified Oct. 29, 2025), Money Smart $500–$1,000 starter cushion, CFPB research ~1 month of income threshold (Mar. 2022), Fed SHED 3-month rainy day fund (55% of adults in 2025 survey) and $400 expense cash/equivalent (63%), FDIC Jan. 2025 note that experts generally discuss at least six months in a federally insured product; pure months × expenses calculator with formula shown. Not advice.
- [Bank vs. credit union](https://vaultrubric.com/save/bank-vs-credit-union) (as of 2026-10-13): ownership (for-profit vs member-owned not-for-profit co-op, MyCreditUnion.gov); federal oversight (OCC / Fed / FDIC vs NCUA); FDIC and NCUA Share Insurance both $250,000 per depositor/member, per institution, per ownership category, backed by full faith and credit of the US (some state-chartered CUs privately insured); verify via FDIC BankFind / NCUA Credit Union Locator; field of membership; federal credit union loan ceiling 15% by law (12 CFR 701.21(c)(7)(ii)), NCUA Board temporary 18% through Sept. 10, 2027 (announced Feb. 6, 2026, letter 26-FCU-02); PALs I ($200-$1,000, 1-6 mo) / PALs II (to $2,000, 1-12 mo), 28% max, $20 max application fee; NCUA national averages Dec. 26, 2025 (e.g. 1-yr CD 2.95% CU vs 2.29% bank; regular savings 0.19% CU vs 0.32% bank); FDIC national rates Sept. 21, 2026 (savings 0.37%, 12-mo CD 1.73%); 4,238 FDIC-insured institutions and 4,214 federally insured credit unions (146.1M members) at June 30, 2026. 'Is my money fully insured?' quick check (single + joint share + IRA, $250k each). Not advice.
- [Social Security basics](https://vaultrubric.com/social-security) (as of 2026-10-13, SSA.gov): full retirement age by birth year (65 for 1937 and prior, stepping to 67 for 1960 and later; Jan. 1 birthdays use prior year); 2026 PIA formula 90% of first $1,286 of AIME + 32% through $7,749 + 15% above (AIME = up to 35 highest wage-indexed years); SSA percent-of-PIA table for ages 62-70 (e.g. 70% at 62 / 124% at 70 for 1960+), delayed credit 8%/yr for 1943+; 2026 earnings test $24,480 ($1 per $2) and $65,160 in FRA year ($1 per $3), none from FRA month; 2026 taxable maximum $184,500, OASDI 6.2% each employee/employer; COLA 2.8% payable Jan. 2026. FRA look-up + rough 2026-formula PIA from AIME. Not advice, not an SSA estimate.
- [Student loan repayment plans](https://vaultrubric.com/loans/student/repayment-plans) (as of 2026-10-13): SAVE plan ended by court order (8th Cir. No. 26-1394 judgment Mar. 9, 2026; E.D. Mo. 4:24-cv-00520 order Mar. 10, 2026 vacating the SAVE rule); SAVE borrowers get a 90-day servicer notice (from July 1, 2026) then a final 30-day notice, else Standard or Tiered Standard; Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP, 20 U.S.C. 1087e(q)) 1-10% of AGI by $10k band, -$50/dependent, $10 minimum, 30 years; IBR 15% (10% new borrowers), 25/20 years; PAYE 10%/20 years and ICR 20%/25 years end by July 1, 2028; Havens v. ED (D.D.C. 1:26-cv-00816) pending, no ruling on docket as of 2026-10-13. Sources StudentAid.gov, ED, court orders. RAP payment look-up. Not advice.
- [Complaint records](https://vaultrubric.com/complaints): CFPB Consumer Complaint Database stats for 62 covered companies (banks, card issuers, lenders, brokers, exchanges): complaints per year 2020–2026 YTD, top issues and products (36 mo), timely-response rate, 12-month trend, complaints per $1B deposits where an FDIC bank maps cleanly, FDIC/NCUA status. Pages: /complaints/{company} (e.g. [Chase complaints](https://vaultrubric.com/complaints/chase)). Context only; does not change scores.
- [CD rates today](https://vaultrubric.com/cd-rates) by term ([3-month](https://vaultrubric.com/cd-rates/3-month), [6-month](https://vaultrubric.com/cd-rates/6-month), [1-year](https://vaultrubric.com/cd-rates/1-year), [18-month](https://vaultrubric.com/cd-rates/18-month), [2-year](https://vaultrubric.com/cd-rates/2-year), [3-year](https://vaultrubric.com/cd-rates/3-year), [5-year](https://vaultrubric.com/cd-rates/5-year)), [money market rates](https://vaultrubric.com/money-market-rates), [no-fee checking](https://vaultrubric.com/checking): APYs read daily from each bank's own page, fees/minimums/ATM/overdraft with as-of dates; 'not found' where a bank page couldn't be read.
- [VaultRubric Savings Index](https://vaultrubric.com/data/savings-index): weekly median and top APY by product from daily snapshots, rate-change log, FRED context; free CSV: https://vaultrubric.com/data/savings-index.csv (daily), https://vaultrubric.com/data/savings-index-weekly.csv, https://vaultrubric.com/data/rate-context.csv. CC BY 4.0.
- [Credit: check, understand, build](https://vaultrubric.com/credit): free credit score services compared (which model: FICO Score 8 vs VantageScore 3.0, which bureau, cost), credit-builder loans (Self, Chime, Kikoff, Credit Strong), rent/bill reporting (Experian Boost, Rental Kharma, Esusu), how credit scores work (FICO 35/30/15/10/10 + CFPB facts), and a FICO-weights factor tool. Facts from provider pages, dated.
- [Treasury rates today](https://vaultrubric.com/treasury-rates): daily constant-maturity Treasury yields 1-month to 30-year (US Treasury via FRED) with 30-day/1-year changes, CSV at /data/treasury-rates.csv, plus I bond and EE bond rates from TreasuryDirect.
- [Robo-advisors compared](https://vaultrubric.com/invest/robo-advisors): Betterment, Wealthfront, Schwab Intelligent Portfolios, Vanguard Digital Advisor, Fidelity Go, SoFi, Acorns, M1: advisory fee, minimum, tax-loss harvesting, cash APY, from provider pages (dated), with X-vs-Y pages.
- [HSA providers](https://vaultrubric.com/invest/hsa-providers), [401(k) rollover guide](https://vaultrubric.com/invest/401k-rollover), [529 plan rules](https://vaultrubric.com/invest/529-plans): provider fees from their pages; IRS rules (2026 HSA limits $4,400/$8,750, 60-day rollover, 20% withholding, 529 K-12 $20,000, 529-to-Roth $35,000).
- [Buy now, pay later](https://vaultrubric.com/borrow/buy-now-pay-later), [money transfer apps](https://vaultrubric.com/save/money-transfer-apps) (fees + CFPB Regulation E protections), [budgeting apps](https://vaultrubric.com/save/budgeting-apps): from provider pages, dated; unverifiable fields marked not found.
- [Mortgage lenders compared](https://vaultrubric.com/borrow/mortgage-lenders): 17 major lenders from CFPB/FFIEC HMDA 2025 data: home-purchase originations, denial rate, median interest rate, rate spread and total loan costs (conventional first lien).
- [HECM reverse mortgage facts (age 62+)](https://vaultrubric.com/borrow/reverse-mortgage-hecm) (as of 2026-10-15): FHA Home Equity Conversion Mortgage — youngest borrower 62+ (CFPB Ask CFPB reviewed Aug. 28, 2026; 24 CFR §206.33); principal residence; HUD-approved counseling required before application (CFPB/FTC; HUD 1-800-569-4287); payout options line of credit / tenure or term monthly / lump sum (CFPB en-233); costs: origination $6,000 or less, closing costs, initial MIP 2.00% of Maximum Claim Amount and annual MIP 0.50% of outstanding balance (HUD Mortgagee Letter 2017-12 effective case #s on/after Oct. 2, 2017; CFPB costs reviewed May 28, 2024); 2026 HECM MCA $1,249,125 (HUD); due-and-payable on death/move-out/sale/failed taxes-insurance-maintenance; non-recourse — heirs can sell at ≥95% of appraised value if balance exceeds value (CFPB en-242); HECM vs single-purpose vs proprietary (FTC); red flags / ReportFraud.ftc.gov (FTC); situation picker + eligibility checklist (not a proceeds quote). No lender endorsements. Not advice.
- [Wills & estate planning basics (Tennessee rules + federal facts)](https://vaultrubric.com/estate/wills-basics) (as of 2026-10-15): Tennessee will rules — 18+ and sound mind (Tenn. Code § 32-1-102), signed before at least two witnesses who sign in front of the testator and each other (§ 32-1-104), handwritten wills need no witnesses at signing but two witnesses must prove the handwriting (§ 32-1-105); guardian for minors: court considers a surviving parent, then a parent's written designation (§ 34-2-103); no-will shares (§ 31-2-104): spouse alone gets all, spouse + children → spouse gets greater of 1/3 or a child's share; durable POA wording (§ 34-6-102); TN Advance Directive for Health Care (notarized or two witnesses, § 68-11-1803); TN small estates ≤$50,000 probate personal property via limited letters after 45 days, no real estate (TN Courts, § 30-4-101 et seq., eff. Apr. 28, 2023); no TN inheritance tax for deaths 2016+ (TN Dept. of Revenue); no TN transfer-on-death deed law found (SB 0984 stalled Feb. 12, 2025); federal estate tax basic exclusion $15,000,000 for 2026 and $19,000 annual gift exclusion (IRS); FDIC POD/trust coverage $250,000 per eligible beneficiary up to $1,250,000 per owner per bank (12 CFR 330.10, eff. Apr. 1, 2024); FINRA: TOD/beneficiary documents supersede a will; CFPB four duties of a POA agent. Tools: Tennessee no-will split calculator and FDIC POD coverage check (math shown). No attorney or will-kit picks, no affiliate links.
- [Tennessee property tax: relief, 65+ freeze & appeals](https://vaultrubric.com/tax/property-tax-tennessee) (as of 2026-10-15): Tennessee Comptroller-sourced. Bill math: appraised value × 25% (residential/farm; 40% commercial/industrial) = assessed; assessed ÷ 100 × local rate = tax (Comptroller example $400,000 → $100,000 → $2,500 at $2.50). 2026 state Tax Relief (reimbursement, not an exemption): 65+ or disabled by Dec. 31, 2026, combined 2025 income ≤ $38,470, figured on up to $33,600 market value; disabled veterans / surviving spouses no income limit, up to $175,000 market value (Forms F-16/F-16S); Tenn. Code 67-5-701 to -704. 65+ Tax Freeze (Tenn. Code 67-5-705): base tax frozen; 2026 adopted by 28 counties and 37 cities, income limits $38,470–$69,150 (e.g. Sumner $48,550, Davidson/Knox/Shelby/Rutherford/Wilson $63,470 local option, Williamson $69,150). Appeals: assessor informal review → county board of equalization (June 1; Shelby May 1) → State Board of Equalization by Aug. 1 or 45 days after county notice → chancery court within 60 days; tax amount is not a valid basis; reasonable-cause late appeals to March 1 of next year. Dates: Jan. 1 assessment date, Feb. 28 pay without interest, Mar. 1 delinquent, relief/freeze applications ~35 days after delinquency, change notices by May 20. Tools: bill + appeal-difference check (too close to call under 3%) and relief/freeze eligibility check by county and city. No appeal-service picks, no affiliate links.
- [ACA Marketplace open enrollment](https://vaultrubric.com/insurance/aca) (as of 2026-10-15): Open Enrollment Nov 1, 2026–Jan 15, 2027 for 2027 coverage (enroll by Dec 15 for Jan 1 start; by Jan 15 for Feb 1); SEP basics (often 60 days after losing coverage); PTC/APTC — IRS says 100–400% FPL for tax years after 2025 (2021–2025 enhanced expansion ended); no APTC repayment cap after 2025 (IRS Q31); metal tiers Bronze/Silver/Gold/Platinum; 10 essential health benefits; COBRA vs Marketplace (you need not take COBRA); TN uses HealthCare.gov + Get Covered Tennessee navigators 1-866-475-7879. Which-path picker + FPL band check (2026 HHS guidelines). No plan quotes or affiliate links.
- [Medicare open enrollment](https://vaultrubric.com/insurance/medicare) (as of 2026-10-15): open enrollment Oct 15–Dec 7, 2026; 2026 Part B $202.90/mo, deductible $283; Part A deductible $1,736 (CMS; 2027 A/B not yet published); Part D 2027 max deductible $700, out-of-pocket cap $2,400 (Medicare.gov); 2026 IRMAA from $109,000 single/$218,000 joint (SSA); late penalties; IEP/OEP/GEP/SEP; Medigap guaranteed issue incl. Tennessee (no birthday rule; under-65 disability/ESRD offer; TennCare loss 63 days); Extra Help; Medicare Savings Programs; TN SHIP 1-877-801-0044. Picker + numbered steps. No plan referrals.
- [How to file taxes: free & paid options](https://vaultrubric.com/tax/filing-software) (as of 2026-10-15): IRS Free File Guided Tax for AGI $89,000 or less (2025 returns); Free File Fillable Forms any income; IRS Direct File not available in the 2026 filing season; VITA (~$70,244 or less, disabilities, limited English), TCE (60+), AARP Foundation Tax-Aide; TurboTax Free Edition and H&R Block Free Online (simple Form 1040 only), Cash App Taxes ($0 federal + one state), FreeTaxUSA ($0 federal, $15.99 state), TaxAct ($0/$59.99/$99.99/$109.99). Recommendation by situation + numbered steps. No affiliate links.
- [Elder & wire fraud facts](https://vaultrubric.com/scam-check/elder-and-wire-fraud) (as of 2026-10-13): FBI IC3 2025 — adults 60+ filed 201,266 complaints and reported $7.748 billion in losses (up 59% YoY), average ~$38,500, 12,444 lost >$100k; top losses investment $3.52B, tech support $1.04B; crypto-linked $4.35B; FFKC froze $32.9M of $65.4M across 642 elder cases. FTC Protecting Older Consumers 2024–2025: ~$2.4B reported 2024 losses (fourfold since 2020); estimated true cost $10.1B–$81.5B. Payment-type next-hour steps (wire, Zelle/apps, gift card, crypto, check/cash, card) from FTC; Reg E vs UCC Article 4A for wires; National Elder Fraud Hotline 1-833-372-8311; Eldercare Locator 1-800-677-1116; APS; ReportFraud.ftc.gov; ic3.gov. Links to /scam-check and /credit/freeze-and-identity-theft. Not legal advice.
- [Scam checker](https://vaultrubric.com/scam-check): rule-based red-flag check of a pasted message (FTC/FBI/FinCEN/CFPB guidance, sourced) plus a name check against the CFTC RED list; runs client-side; not proof.
- [Credit freeze vs. fraud alert & identity theft steps](https://vaultrubric.com/credit/freeze-and-identity-theft) (as of 2026-10-13): free credit freeze at Equifax/Experian/TransUnion (contact all three; FTC), initial fraud alert 1 year vs. extended 7 years with FTC report (contact one bureau), active duty alert, FCRA 15 U.S.C. 1681c-1(i) deadlines (freeze within 1 business day online/phone, lift within 1 hour), child freeze under 16, free weekly reports at AnnualCreditReport.com, IRS IP PIN, IdentityTheft.gov recovery. Sources: FTC, CFPB, IRS, US Code.
- [Free credit reports & how to dispute errors](https://vaultrubric.com/credit/reports-and-disputes) (as of 2026-10-15): free weekly reports from Equifax, Experian and TransUnion at AnnualCreditReport.com / 1-877-322-8228 (FTC, June 2026); dispute with each bureau and the furnisher (FTC April 2024, CFPB en-314 reviewed Sept. 2, 2026); 30-day investigation from receipt, +15 days if you add information (15 U.S.C. 1681i(a)(1)), 45 days after a free annual report (1681j(a)(3)), written results within 5 business days (1681i(a)(6)); most negatives 7 years, collections/charge-offs 7 years starting 180 days after the delinquency (1681c(a),(c)), bankruptcy 10 years; limits don't apply to $150k+ credit/life insurance or $75k+ jobs (1681c(b)); bureau dispute addresses/phones; fill-in sample letter; dates check (dispute due dates, when an item ages off). No monitoring or credit-repair links, not legal advice.
- [Debt relief options: which one fits me?](https://vaultrubric.com/credit/debt-relief-options) (as of 2026-10-15): best move by situation (ask card companies for lower rates first; consolidation or balance transfer only if total cost is lower, CFPB en-1861 reviewed Sept. 2, 2026; nonprofit credit counseling / debt management plans 48+ months, FTC; old debts and statute of limitations; home equity risk; bankruptcy 10 years and 6-month pre-filing counseling, FTC/U.S. Trustee; HUD housing counselors 800-569-4287); consolidation cost check with the loan math shown (too close to call within 3% of balance); debt settlement rules: no fee until a debt is settled and one payment made, proportional or %-of-savings fees (16 CFR 310.4(a)(5)); forgiven debt generally taxable, Form 1099-C, bankruptcy/insolvency exclusions (IRS Topic 431 updated Sept. 24, 2026; Pub. 4681). No lender, debt relief or affiliate links.
- [Insurance facts](https://vaultrubric.com/insurance): minimum auto insurance for all 50 states + DC (/insurance/auto/<state>; III table + official 2025-26 changes), NAIC average premiums (auto $1,282 2023; homeowners $1,569, renters $171 2022), insurer complaint indexes for 14 major insurers from Indiana DOI 2025 (auto + homeowners), California CDI 2025 (auto), Missouri DCI 2021-23, Texas TDI 2025 (auto + homeowners; data.texas.gov open data, policies in force Dec. 31, 2025), New York DFS 2024 auto complaint rankings (data.ny.gov h2wd-9xfe; upheld complaints per $1M premiums, lower better) and Connecticut CID 2025 auto/home complaint counts (data.ct.gov t64r-mt64; distinct File No. opened in 2025; counts only, not an index — no premium volume in open data), with vs pages at /insurance/companies. No quotes.
- [State 529 plans](https://vaultrubric.com/invest/529-plans): every state's direct-sold plan, 2026 state tax deduction/credit limits, tax parity (/invest/529-plans/<state>).
- [Federal income tax facts](https://vaultrubric.com/tax): [2026 federal brackets & standard deduction](https://vaultrubric.com/tax/federal-brackets-2026) from IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-32 / IR-2025-103 (Oct. 9, 2025): standard deduction $16,100 single/MFS, $24,150 head of household, $32,200 married filing jointly; 10/12/22/24/32/35/37% thresholds for all filing statuses; bracket look-up. Not tax advice.
- [2026 federal income tax estimator](https://vaultrubric.com/tax/income-tax-estimator-2026) (checked 2026-10-13): rough TY 2026 federal income + payroll tax with every step shown, from IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-32 (standard deduction, bracket formulas, long-term capital gains 0% up to $49,450 single / $98,900 MFJ / $66,200 HOH and 15% up to $545,500 single / $613,700 MFJ / $579,600 HOH / $306,850 MFS, then 20%; child tax credit $2,200, refundable up to $1,700), CTC phase-out from $200,000 / $400,000 MFJ (IRS), Social Security 6.2% to $184,500 (SSA), Medicare 1.45% + 0.9% over $200,000 / $250,000 MFJ / $125,000 MFS (IRS). Example: single, $75,000 wages: taxable $58,900, federal income tax $7,670, payroll $5,737.50. Leaves out state tax, AMT, NIIT, EITC, new temporary deductions. Not tax advice.
- [2026 retirement & HSA contribution limits](https://vaultrubric.com/tax/retirement-contribution-limits-2026) from IRS IR-2025-111 / Notice 2025-67 (Nov. 13, 2025) and Rev. Proc. 2025-19: 401(k)/403(b)/457/TSP $24,500 (+$8,000 at 50+, +$11,250 at ages 60-63); IRA $7,500 (+$1,100 at 50+); Roth IRA phase-out $153,000-$168,000 single/HOH, $242,000-$252,000 MFJ; HSA $4,400 self-only / $8,750 family (+$1,000 at 55+); SIMPLE $17,000; section 415(c) $72,000. Personal limit look-up. Not tax advice.
- [Flood insurance (NFIP) facts](https://vaultrubric.com/insurance/flood): FEMA/FloodSmart facts checked 2026-10-13: NFIP limits $250,000 building / $100,000 contents (business $500,000 each), what's covered and excluded (basement contents, cars, outside property, living expenses), 30-day waiting period and its 4 exceptions, mandatory purchase in A/V zones (SFHAs) with federally backed mortgages (42 U.S.C. 4012a; lenders must accept qualifying private flood), Risk Rating 2.0 (18%/yr cap, CRS 5–45%), NFIP authorized through Dec. 11, 2026. No quotes.
- [Disability insurance facts](https://vaultrubric.com/insurance/disability) (as of 2026-10-13): SSDI 2026 substantial gainful activity limit $1,690/month ($2,830 statutorily blind; SSA sga.html), trial work month $1,210 (9 months in a rolling 60; twp.html), one work credit per $1,890 (4 max = $7,560; 40 credits with 20 in last 10 years generally), 5-month waiting period with first benefit in the sixth full month (waiting period starts with first full month of disability, POMS DI 10105.070), up to 12 months back pay, Medicare after 24 months of entitlement and at least 93 months after the trial work period, average disabled-worker benefit $1,635.90 (SSA Monthly Statistical Snapshot, August 2026; 6,975 thousand disabled workers); state programs CA SDI (up to 52 weeks, $50–$1,765/week, 70–90% of wages), NY DBL (50% of average weekly wage, max $170/week, 26 weeks, 7-day wait), NJ TDI (26 weeks; 2026 eligibility 20 weeks at $310 or $15,500), HI TDI (14 weeks of 20+ hours and $400), RI TDI/TCI (TCI 8 weeks); private policy terms from Mass.gov, NC DOI, RI DBR and Oregon DFR (short- vs long-term, elimination period, own vs any occupation, ~60% typical benefit, SSDI offsets); taxes per IRS Pub. 525 (employer-paid taxable, fully self-paid not); ERISA claims per DOL (45 days + two 30-day extensions, 180 days to appeal). SSDI timeline and earnings check (arithmetic only). No quotes, not advice.
- [Umbrella insurance facts](https://vaultrubric.com/insurance/umbrella) (as of 2026-10-13): personal umbrella liability insurance from the NAIC (Dec. 15, 2022: liability + defense costs above auto/home/renters; not your own home or vehicle; punitive damages example) and state regulators: pays ONLY after underlying limits are exhausted and treats required underlying limits as a deductible if you don't keep them (Mass.gov DOI); commonly $1M or $5M, $250–$1,000 deductible, many insurers require your primary policies with them, example underlying $200k–$300k (Wisconsin OCI PI-015 R 07/2026); III example ~$250k auto / $300k home; NJ DOBI (July 8, 2015) $300k–$500k underlying and $200–$300 for the first $1M in liability limits (dated, not a quote; no time period stated); Texas TDI (updated 4/10/2025) examples incl. dog bite, pool, trampoline, and may pay UM/UIM claims; UM/UIM disclosure rules in Nevada (NRS 687B.440) and South Dakota (Bulletin 13-01, 2013); Tennessee Bulletin 17-02 (Dec. 2017) lets insurers require the underlying policy but not force an umbrella purchase; business activities covered only if basic policies cover them (Wisconsin OCI PI-085). Who-pays-a-big-claim arithmetic check. No quotes, no insurer rankings, not advice.
- [Home warranty: cost, coverage & is it worth it?](https://vaultrubric.com/home/home-warranty) (as of 2026-10-15): home warranties are service contracts, not insurance (FTC Feb. 24, 2023; Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-2-126 exempts service contracts from regulation as insurance); typical cost $400–$1,000/yr, about $750 average, $95–$125 service fee (First American FAQ); D.C. AG: basic plans "$500 per year or more", fees "typically $75 or more", caps e.g. $1,600 on a $12,000 boiler; CA CDI licenses home protection companies, TX TDLR regulates residential service companies; worth-it picker (plan + fees + amount over the per-item limit vs. paying repairs yourself, math shown); companies listed alphabetically from their own pages; no single "best" company; one labeled partner link that never changes the picker.
- [UM/UIM (uninsured/underinsured motorist) facts](https://vaultrubric.com/insurance/um-uim) (as of 2026-10-15): what UM vs UIM pays (you, when the other driver has none / too little / hit-and-run); IRC via III 2023 uninsured rates 15.4% U.S. / 21.3% Tennessee (2025 IRC study; method = UM claim frequency ÷ BI claim frequency); III: 20 states + D.C. have mandatory UM or UIM; required-flag chips from VaultRubric insurance.json (21 jurisdictions); Tenn. Code § 56-7-1201 include-by-default (equal to BI liability unless written rejection or lower limits not below § 55-12-107; umbrella need not include UM/UIM); NY DFS mandatory UM at BI minimums + optional SUM; California DOI Form 101 (rev. Feb. 5, 2025) must-offer + signed waiver to reject; Va. Code § 38.2-2206 UM/UIM matching liability unless reduced; gap arithmetic tool (injury bill vs other BI vs your UM; shows add-on and Tennessee offset per § 56-7-1201(d): UM limit minus the other driver's liability limit). No quotes, not advice.
- [Pet insurance facts](https://vaultrubric.com/insurance/pet) (as of 2026-10-13): pay-then-reimburse (Texas TDI: plans usually cover 70–90% of covered vet bills; preexisting rarely covered); California DOI definitions of preexisting, waiting/affiliation period, hereditary and congenital exclusions; NAIC Pet Insurance Model Act #633 (no waiting period for accidents; illness/orthopedic waits ≤30 days; vet exam can waive; no waits on renewals; disclosure of exclusions/limits); NAIC consumer tip (plan types, reimbursement, renewal reclassification of conditions); Mass.gov DOI pet insurance page; NAPHIA 2025 SOI (YE 2024): U.S. written premium $4.74B, 6,405,541 pets insured (75.6% dogs / 23.5% cats), avg accident-and-illness premium dogs $749.29/yr ($62.44/mo) cats $386.47/yr ($32.21/mo) — industry averages not quotes; top states CA 18.3%, NY 7.2%, FL 6.3%, TX 5.5%; U.S. penetration dogs 5.46% cats 2.04%. What-would-I-pay vet-bill arithmetic tool. No quotes, no insurer rankings, not advice.
- [Term life insurers compared](https://vaultrubric.com/insurance/term-life): term lengths, longest term, conversion options and how to apply for 9 big term life insurers from their own pages, plus California DOI 2025 life complaint ratios. No quotes.
- [Life insurance fine print & how much you need](https://vaultrubric.com/insurance/life/facts) (as of 2026-10-13): 2-year contestable period and suicide clause (Texas TDI guide updated 12/12/2025, NC DOI; premiums returned if denied), 31-day grace period, free look usually 10+ days (NAIC Buyer's Guide; NC 10 new/20 replacement; CA 10–30, seniors 30), Tennessee Code 56-7-2307/2308 (incontestable after not more than 2 years; one-month grace after first year; suicide exclusion within 2 years; reinstatement within 3 years; payout within 2 months of proof), death benefit generally not taxable income (IRS), group-term $50,000 exclusion (IRS Pub. 15-B 2026), SGLI up to $500,000 at 5 cents/$1,000 + $1 TSGLI (VA), NAIC Life Insurance Policy Locator. Term vs whole vs universal from TDI. How-much-would-my-family-need arithmetic (income × years + debts + costs − savings − existing coverage; NAIC 5–8× income rule of thumb shown for comparison). No quotes, not advice.
- [Annuities: the facts & cash-out cost check](https://vaultrubric.com/invest/annuities) (as of 2026-10-13): fixed, fixed indexed, RILA and variable deferred annuities by risk (SEC Investor.gov); free look usually 10–30 days (Investor.gov, FINRA); surrender charges (SEC example: 7% year one, down 1% a year until year 8; $5,000 out of $10,000 with 10% free = $280); M&E charge typically ~1.25%/yr (SEC); base fee example 1.25% of $300,000 = $3,750/yr (Investor.gov); earnings-first taxation and 10% additional tax before 59½ with exceptions (IRS Pub. 575 2025; $7,000 out of $16,000 with $10,000 cost = $6,000 taxable); not FDIC/SIPC insured (FINRA); Tennessee guaranty association $250,000 annuity present value per owner per failed insurer; NAIC LI-35 chart lists Tennessee 20-day free look for replacement annuities. Cash-out arithmetic; no quotes or rankings.
- [CD & Treasury ladder builder](https://vaultrubric.com/save/cd-and-treasury-ladder) (as of 2026-10-13): split money into equal rungs and see when each comes due, with interest at a rate you test; CD ladder definition and CD risks (FINRA); Treasury bills 4–52 weeks, notes 2/3/5/7/10 years, $100 minimum, 45-day TreasuryDirect hold before selling (TreasuryDirect); interest-rate risk (SEC 2013 bulletin); FDIC $250,000 limit; dated Treasury yields and FDIC national CD averages for reference, not offers.
- [Money in the AI era: the facts](https://vaultrubric.com/money-in-the-ai-era): S&P 500 concentration in AI-linked megacaps (SPY holdings weights, dated), FBI IC3/FTC/FinCEN AI-fraud and deepfake data, AI features found on covered platforms' own pages, AI-themed ETF holdings and expense ratios from issuer pages, ICI fee trend, and what's not known. Facts only, no predictions.
- [Ask VaultRubric](https://vaultrubric.com/ask): Q&A answered only from our sourced data
- [Markets](https://vaultrubric.com/markets): [crypto movers](https://vaultrubric.com/markets/crypto), [stock movers](https://vaultrubric.com/markets/stocks) (delayed), [trending](https://vaultrubric.com/markets/trending), [IPO tracker](https://vaultrubric.com/markets/ipos), [daily markets briefing](https://vaultrubric.com/markets/briefing) (60-second, facts-only summary of top movers with headlines, trending and IPOs), [watchlist](https://vaultrubric.com/markets/watchlist) (save stocks/coins in your browser, shareable link); JSON at https://vaultrubric.com/data/markets.json. News and data only, not advice.
- [All comparisons](https://vaultrubric.com/compare)
- [Comparison tool](https://vaultrubric.com/): build any head-to-head
- [About](https://vaultrubric.com/about) · [Disclosure](https://vaultrubric.com/disclosure)
- X: [@VaultRubric](https://x.com/VaultRubric)

## High-yield savings & brokerages

- [Ally vs Marcus](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/ally-vs-marcus): Too close to call: Ally and Marcus by Goldman Sachs
- [Capital One 360 vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/capital-one-360-vs-ally): Pick: Ally
- [SoFi vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/sofi-vs-ally): Pick: Ally
- [Wealthfront Cash vs Betterment Cash](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/wealthfront-vs-betterment-cash): Pick: Wealthfront Cash
- [Fidelity vs Schwab](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/fidelity-vs-schwab): Pick: Fidelity
- [Fidelity vs Vanguard](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/fidelity-vs-vanguard): Pick: Fidelity
- [Robinhood vs Webull](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/robinhood-vs-webull): Pick: Webull
- [Marcus vs SoFi](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/marcus-vs-sofi): Pick: Marcus by Goldman Sachs
- [Capital One 360 vs Marcus](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/capital-one-360-vs-marcus): Pick: Marcus by Goldman Sachs
- [Schwab vs Vanguard](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/schwab-vs-vanguard): Pick: Charles Schwab
- [E*TRADE vs Schwab](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/etrade-vs-schwab): Pick: E*TRADE
- [Betterment vs Wealthfront](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/betterment-vs-wealthfront): Pick: Wealthfront
- [Fidelity vs Robinhood](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/fidelity-vs-robinhood): Pick: Fidelity
- [Schwab vs Robinhood](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/schwab-vs-robinhood): Pick: Charles Schwab
- [Fidelity vs E*TRADE](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/fidelity-vs-etrade): Pick: Fidelity
- [Schwab vs Interactive Brokers](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/schwab-vs-interactive-brokers): Pick: Charles Schwab
- [SoFi Invest vs Robinhood](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/sofi-invest-vs-robinhood): Pick: SoFi Invest
- [Wealthfront Cash vs SoFi](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/wealthfront-vs-sofi): Pick: Wealthfront Cash
- [Amex HYSA vs Capital One 360](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/amex-vs-capital-one-360-savings): Too close to call: American Express HYSA and Capital One 360 Performance Savings
- [Wealthfront Cash vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/wealthfront-vs-ally): Too close to call: Wealthfront Cash and Ally
- [EverBank vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/everbank-vs-ally): Too close to call: EverBank and Ally
- [Bask Bank vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/bask-bank-vs-ally): Pick: Bask Bank
- [Openbank vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/openbank-vs-ally): Too close to call: Ally and Openbank
- [CIT Bank vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/cit-bank-vs-ally): Pick: Ally
- [Openbank vs EverBank](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/openbank-vs-everbank): Too close to call: EverBank and Openbank
- [Chime vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/chime-vs-ally): Pick: Ally
- [Happen Bank vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/happen-bank-vs-ally): Too close to call: Ally and LendingClub (now Happen Bank)
- [Barclays vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/barclays-vs-ally): Too close to call: Ally and Barclays
- [Varo vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/varo-vs-ally): Pick: Ally
- [Synchrony vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/synchrony-vs-ally): Pick: Synchrony
- [UFB Direct vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/ufb-direct-vs-ally): Too close to call: UFB Direct and Ally
- [Citizens Access vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/citizens-access-vs-ally): Pick: Ally
- [Bread Savings vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/bread-savings-vs-ally): Pick: Bread Savings
- [Amex HYSA vs Ally](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/amex-hysa-vs-ally): Pick: Ally
- [Best high-yield savings accounts](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-high-yield-savings-accounts): Too close to call: EverBank and Bread Savings
- [Best brokerage for beginners](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-brokerage-for-beginners): Too close to call: Webull and Firstrade
- [Best Roth IRA](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-roth-ira): Too close to call: Webull and Wealthfront
- [Best traditional IRA](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-traditional-ira): Too close to call: Webull and Wealthfront
- [Best brokerage for options traders](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-brokerage-for-options-traders): Too close to call: Firstrade and Webull
- [Best savings account with no minimum](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-savings-account-no-minimum): Too close to call: EverBank and Wealthfront Cash
- [Best brokerage to buy Tesla (TSLA) stock](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-brokerage-to-buy-tesla-stock): Too close to call: Firstrade and Webull
- [Best brokerage for fractional shares](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-brokerage-for-fractional-shares): Too close to call: Webull and Wealthfront
- [Vanguard vs Fidelity for a Roth IRA](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/vanguard-vs-fidelity-roth-ira): Pick: Fidelity
- [Fidelity vs Schwab for a Roth IRA](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/fidelity-vs-schwab-roth-ira): Pick: Fidelity
- [Schwab vs Vanguard for a Roth IRA](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/schwab-vs-vanguard-roth-ira): Pick: Charles Schwab
- [Robinhood vs Fidelity for a Roth IRA](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/robinhood-vs-fidelity-roth-ira): Pick: Fidelity
- [Best brokerage with no account minimum](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-brokerage-no-minimum): Too close to call: Webull and Firstrade
- [Best robo-advisor](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-robo-advisor): Pick: Wealthfront
- [Best IRA account (and best IRA match)](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-ira-account): Too close to call: Webull and Wealthfront
- [Is Ally safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-ally-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Ally. Deposits: FDIC; Ally Bank (cert 57803 per third party), up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Marcus by Goldman Sachs safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-marcus-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Marcus by Goldman Sachs. Deposits: FDIC; Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch (cert 33124 per third party), up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 1.
- [Is Robinhood safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-robinhood-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Robinhood. Protection: SIPC member. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 2.
- [Is Webull safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-webull-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Webull. Protection: SIPC member. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 1.
- [Is Fidelity safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-fidelity-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Fidelity. Protection: SIPC member. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Schwab safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-schwab-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Schwab. Protection: SIPC member. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 3.
- [Is Vanguard safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-vanguard-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Vanguard. Protection: SIPC member. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 2.
- [Is E*TRADE safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-etrade-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for E*TRADE. Protection: SIPC member. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Interactive Brokers safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-interactive-brokers-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Interactive Brokers. Protection: SIPC member. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 3.
- [Is Capital One 360 safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-capital-one-360-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Capital One 360. Deposits: FDIC; Capital One, N.A., up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 2.
- [Is SoFi safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-sofi-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for SoFi. Deposits: FDIC; SoFi Bank, N.A., up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Amex HYSA safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-amex-hysa-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Amex HYSA. Deposits: FDIC member (American Express National Bank), up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Synchrony safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-synchrony-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Synchrony. Deposits: FDIC; Synchrony Bank, up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Chime safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-chime-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Chime. Deposits: Not a bank; pass-through FDIC via The Bancorp Bank, N.A. and Stride Bank, N.A. (plus program banks for savings), up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 2.
- [Is Varo safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-varo-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Varo. Deposits: FDIC; Varo Bank, N.A. (national bank charter), up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Barclays safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-barclays-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Barclays. Deposits: Member FDIC, up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Happen Bank safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-happen-bank-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Happen Bank. Deposits: FDIC; Happen Bank, N.A. (formerly LendingClub Bank), up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is CIT Bank safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-cit-bank-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for CIT Bank. Deposits: Member FDIC, up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is EverBank safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-everbank-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for EverBank. Deposits: FDIC-insured (EverBank, N.A.), up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Bread Savings safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-bread-savings-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Bread Savings. Deposits: FDIC; Comenity Capital Bank (Utah state-chartered), up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Bask Bank safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-bask-bank-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Bask Bank. Deposits: FDIC; Bask Bank is a division of Texas Capital Bank (combined coverage), up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Openbank safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-openbank-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Openbank. Deposits: FDIC; Openbank is a division of Santander Bank, N.A. (combined coverage), up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Citizens Access safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-citizens-access-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Citizens Access. Deposits: FDIC insured, up to $250,000 per depositor per ownership category. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 1.
- [Was Robinhood hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-robinhood-hacked): Short answer: Our record tracks regulatory actions and outages for banks and brokers rather than hacks; no customer-funds hack is recorded for Robinhood.
- [Was Webull hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-webull-hacked): Short answer: Our record tracks regulatory actions and outages for banks and brokers rather than hacks; no customer-funds hack is recorded for Webull.
- [Was Fidelity hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-fidelity-hacked): Short answer: Our record tracks regulatory actions and outages for banks and brokers rather than hacks; no customer-funds hack is recorded for Fidelity.
- [Was Schwab hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-schwab-hacked): Short answer: Our record tracks regulatory actions and outages for banks and brokers rather than hacks; no customer-funds hack is recorded for Schwab.
- [Was Vanguard hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-vanguard-hacked): Short answer: Our record tracks regulatory actions and outages for banks and brokers rather than hacks; no customer-funds hack is recorded for Vanguard.
- [Was E*TRADE hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-etrade-hacked): Short answer: Our record tracks regulatory actions and outages for banks and brokers rather than hacks; no customer-funds hack is recorded for E*TRADE.
- [Was Interactive Brokers hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-interactive-brokers-hacked): Short answer: Our record tracks regulatory actions and outages for banks and brokers rather than hacks; no customer-funds hack is recorded for Interactive Brokers.
- [Which brokerage has no fees?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/brokerage-with-no-fees): 9 of 15 brokerages we track charge $0 commission on online US stock/ETF trades and have a $0 account minimum: Fidelity, Charles Schwab, Vanguard, E*TRADE, Robinhood, Merrill Edge, Webull, Public, Firstrade. Options contract fees and transfer-out fees still vary (table below, as of the dates shown).
- [What is the highest APY savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/highest-apy-savings-account): Highest standard APY in our sourced data as of 2026-10-12: EverBank at 4.2% (source). Promo / boost rates are listed separately below and are not used for this ranking.
- [What is X Money?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/what-is-x-money): As of Cross River Bank's July 27, 2026 announcement, X Money is a financial-services product built into the X app in the U.S., powered by Cross River: FDIC-insured interest-bearing accounts, a Visa debit card, and peer-to-peer payments. VaultRubric has not retrieved a public X Money fee/APY schedule HTML page for independent verification of rates and fees — those cells stay not found unless labelled as third-party press.
- [Discover vs Ally (Discover savings discontinued)](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/discover-vs-ally): Short answer: Discover's online savings product is discontinued in our sourced data (as of 2026-10-10). Discover's savings URL redirects to Capital One 360 Performance Savings. The live comparison people want is Capital One 360 vs Ally — On VaultRubric's equal-weight rubric, Ally scores higher (90.0% for Capital One 360, 95.0% for Ally).
- [Is Marcus by Goldman Sachs a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-marcus-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Marcus by Goldman Sachs (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.5% (source), ranked #8 (tied) of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC; Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch (cert 33124 per third party) up to $250,000; overall score 90.6% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Ally a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-ally-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Ally (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.1% (source), ranked #11 (tied) of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC; Ally Bank (cert 57803 per third party) up to $250,000; overall score 92.8% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Capital One 360 Performance Savings a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-capital-one-360-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Capital One 360 Performance Savings (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.1% (source), ranked #11 (tied) of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC; Capital One, N.A. up to $250,000; overall score 90.8% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is SoFi a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-sofi-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on SoFi (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 0.8% (source) (0.80% APY without eligible direct deposit or $5,000+ qualifying deposits every 31 days; 3.30% with them (conditional)), ranked #18 of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC; SoFi Bank, N.A. up to $250,000; overall score 81.8% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is EverBank a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-everbank-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on EverBank (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 4.2% (source), ranked #1 of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC-insured (EverBank, N.A.) up to $250,000; overall score 98.0% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Bread Savings a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-bread-savings-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Bread Savings (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 4.05% (source), ranked #2 of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $1 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC; Comenity Capital Bank (Utah state-chartered) up to $250,000; overall score 97.2% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Bask Bank a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-bask-bank-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Bask Bank (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.9% (source), ranked #3 of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC; Bask Bank is a division of Texas Capital Bank (combined coverage) up to $250,000; overall score 96.6% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Synchrony a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-synchrony-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Synchrony (as of 2026-10-10): standard APY 3.55% (source), ranked #6 (tied) of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC; Synchrony Bank up to $250,000; overall score 95.0% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Wealthfront Cash a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-wealthfront-cash-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Wealthfront Cash (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.55% (source), ranked #6 (tied) of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits Not a bank; sweep to FDIC-insured program banks up to $8,000,000; overall score 97.0% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is American Express HYSA a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-amex-hysa-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on American Express HYSA (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.1% (source), ranked #11 (tied) of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC member (American Express National Bank) up to $250,000; overall score 92.8% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Openbank a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-openbank-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Openbank (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.8% (source), ranked #4 of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0.01 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC; Openbank is a division of Santander Bank, N.A. (combined coverage) up to $250,000; overall score 96.0% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is CIT Bank Platinum Savings a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-cit-bank-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on CIT Bank Platinum Savings (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.75% (source), ranked #5 of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $5,000 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits Member FDIC up to $250,000; overall score 85.8% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is UFB Direct a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-ufb-direct-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on UFB Direct (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.26% (source), ranked #10 of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits insurance unknown up to $250,000; overall score 93.6% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Citizens Access a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-citizens-access-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Citizens Access (as of 2026-10-10): standard APY 2.8% (source), ranked #15 of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC insured up to $250,000; overall score 89.4% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Betterment Cash a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-betterment-cash-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Betterment Cash (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.5% (source), ranked #8 (tied) of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $10 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits Not a bank; program banks sweep up to $8,000,000; overall score 92.6% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Chime a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-chime-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Chime (as of 2026-10-06): standard APY 1.0% (source), ranked #16 (tied) of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0.01 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits Not a bank; pass-through FDIC via The Bancorp Bank, N.A. and Stride Bank, N.A. (plus program banks for savings) up to $250,000; overall score 72.8% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Barclays a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-barclays-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Barclays (as of 2026-10-07): standard APY up to 3.65% (Tiered Savings) (source); $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits Member FDIC up to $250,000; overall score 95.4% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Varo a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-varo-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Varo (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 1.0% (source), ranked #16 (tied) of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC; Varo Bank, N.A. (national bank charter) up to $250,000; overall score 82.8% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.
- [Is Happen Bank (formerly LendingClub) a good savings account?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-happen-bank-a-good-savings-account): VaultRubric's sourced facts on Happen Bank (formerly LendingClub) (as of 2026-10-12): standard APY 3.0% (source), ranked #14 of 18 accounts with a numeric standard APY in our data; $0 minimum to earn APY; $0 monthly fee; deposits FDIC; Happen Bank, N.A. (formerly LendingClub Bank) up to $250,000; overall score 92.2% with 100% data coverage. This is a facts summary, not a recommendation to open an account.

## Crypto exchanges

- [Coinbase vs Kraken](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/coinbase-vs-kraken): Pick: Kraken
- [Coinbase vs Gemini](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/coinbase-vs-gemini): Pick: Coinbase
- [Kraken vs Gemini](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/kraken-vs-gemini): Pick: Kraken
- [Coinbase vs Robinhood](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/coinbase-vs-robinhood): Pick: Coinbase
- [Coinbase vs Binance.US](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/coinbase-vs-binanceus): Pick: Binance.US
- [Kraken vs Binance.US](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/kraken-vs-binanceus): Pick: Binance.US
- [Crypto.com vs Coinbase](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/cryptocom-vs-coinbase): Too close to call: Coinbase and Crypto.com
- [Binance vs OKX](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/binance-vs-okx): Pick: OKX
- [Binance vs Bybit](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/binance-vs-bybit): Pick: Bybit
- [OKX vs Bybit](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/okx-vs-bybit): Pick: OKX
- [Bitget vs Bybit](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/bitget-vs-bybit): Pick: Bitget
- [KuCoin vs Binance](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/kucoin-vs-binance): Pick: KuCoin
- [Kraken vs Robinhood](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/kraken-vs-robinhood): Pick: Kraken
- [Best crypto exchange for beginners (US)](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-crypto-exchange-for-beginners-us): Pick: Kraken
- [Lowest-fee crypto exchanges](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/lowest-fee-crypto-exchanges): Lowest fee: Bitfinex — entry-tier taker (0%)
- [Where to buy Bitcoin](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-bitcoin): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy Ethereum](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-ethereum): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy Solana](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-solana): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy XRP](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-xrp): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy Dogecoin](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-dogecoin): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy Cardano](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-cardano): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy Shiba Inu](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-shiba-inu): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy Litecoin](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-litecoin): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy Chainlink](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-chainlink): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy Avalanche](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-avalanche): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy Pepe](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-pepe): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy Sui](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-sui): VaultRubric pick for US customers: Binance.US
- [Where to buy crypto (all coins)](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/where-to-buy-crypto): 
- [Is Coinbase safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-coinbase-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Coinbase. Other incidents on record: data breach (2025-05). Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 1.
- [Is Kraken safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-kraken-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Kraken. Other incidents on record: data breach (2026-04); treasury loss (2024-06). Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 1.
- [Is Gemini safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-gemini-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Gemini. Other incidents on record: data breach (2022/2023). Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 2.
- [Is Binance.US safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-binance-us-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Binance.US. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 1.
- [Is Crypto.com safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-crypto-com-safe): Crypto.com has a customer-funds incident on record (2022-01), shown as reimbursed; it remains eligible under our rules. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Binance safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-binance-safe): Binance has a customer-funds incident on record (2019-05), shown as reimbursed; it remains eligible under our rules. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 1.
- [Was Coinbase hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-coinbase-hacked): Short answer: Not in our sourced record of customer-funds hacks. Other incidents on record: 2025-05 data breach
- [Was Kraken hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-kraken-hacked): Short answer: Not in our sourced record of customer-funds hacks. Other incidents on record: 2024-06 treasury loss; 2026-04 data breach
- [Was Gemini hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-gemini-hacked): Short answer: Not in our sourced record of customer-funds hacks. Other incidents on record: 2022/2023 data breach
- [Was Crypto.com hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-crypto-com-hacked): Short answer: Yes. 2022-01: 2FA bypass: unauthorized withdrawals (~$34M) from 483 accounts; all affected accounts fully reimbursed
- [Was Binance hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-binance-hacked): Short answer: Yes. 2019-05: 7,000 BTC (~$40M) hot-wallet breach; covered
- [Was Binance.US hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-binance-us-hacked): Short answer: Not in our sourced record of customer-funds hacks. 
- [Safest crypto exchange in the US](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/safest-crypto-exchange-us): Highest security score among US-available exchanges in our data: Uphold (9.0/10 on our security & track-record criterion), as of 2026-10-12.

## Crypto wallets

- [Ledger vs Trezor](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/ledger-vs-trezor): Pick: Trezor
- [Ledger Nano X vs Trezor Safe 5](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/ledger-nano-x-vs-trezor-safe-5): Pick: Trezor Safe 5
- [Ledger Nano S Plus vs Trezor Safe 3](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/ledger-nano-s-plus-vs-trezor-safe-3): Pick: Trezor Safe 3
- [Coldcard vs BitBox02](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/coldcard-vs-bitbox02): Pick: BitBox02
- [Tangem vs Ledger](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/tangem-vs-ledger): Pick: Tangem
- [MetaMask vs Phantom](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/metamask-vs-phantom): Pick: MetaMask
- [MetaMask vs Trust Wallet](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/metamask-vs-trust-wallet): Pick: MetaMask
- [Exodus vs Atomic Wallet](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/exodus-vs-atomic-wallet): Pick: Exodus
- [MetaMask vs Coinbase Wallet](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/metamask-vs-coinbase-wallet): Pick: MetaMask
- [Exodus vs Trust Wallet](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/exodus-vs-trust-wallet): Pick: Exodus
- [Trezor vs Tangem](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/trezor-vs-tangem): Pick: Trezor
- [Trezor Safe 5 vs Coldcard](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/trezor-safe-5-vs-coldcard): Pick: Trezor Safe 5
- [Best hardware wallet](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-hardware-wallet): Pick: Trezor Safe 5
- [Best software wallet (hot wallet)](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-software-wallet): Too close to call: Zengo and Edge
- [Best Bitcoin-only wallet](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-bitcoin-only-wallet): No pick: no option met the rules (≥75% coverage, no unreimbursed customer-funds hack in 48 months).
- [Is Ledger safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-ledger-safe): Customer funds were stolen in 2026-10 and we can't show they were fully reimbursed, so under our rules Ledger is capped at 60% and can't be our pick. Other incidents on record: firmware vulnerability (2026-08); data breach (2020-07). Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Trezor safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-trezor-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Trezor. Other incidents on record: firmware vulnerability (2026-07); firmware vulnerability (2025-09) — physical access only, not scored; data breach (2024-01). Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Coldcard safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-coldcard-safe): Customer funds were stolen in 2026-07 and we can't show they were fully reimbursed, so under our rules Coldcard is capped at 60% and can't be our pick. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is MetaMask safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-metamask-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for MetaMask. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Exodus safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-exodus-safe): No customer-funds hack in our sourced record for Exodus. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Is Trust Wallet safe?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/is-trust-wallet-safe): Customer funds were stolen in 2025-12 and we can't show they were fully reimbursed, so under our rules Trust Wallet is capped at 60% and can't be our pick. Regulatory actions in the last 5 years on record: 0.
- [Was Coldcard hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-coldcard-hacked): Short answer: Yes. 2026-07: Coldcard seed-generation flaw (software PRNG instead of hardware RNG on older firmware) let attackers brute-force seeds; ~$116M in BTC stolen (TRM Labs); fixed firmware since 2026-07-31 but affected seeds must be migrated; Coinkite has not offered reimbursement
- [Was Ledger hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-ledger-hacked): Short answer: Yes. 2023-12: Ledger Connect Kit supply-chain attack: malicious library version drained ~$600K from users blind-signing on EVM dApps; Ledger committed to make victims whole via a claims process (by Feb 2024); 2026-10: CryptoBilis supply-chain tampering: Ledger devices sold by Ledger-listed authorized Southeast Asia reseller CryptoBilis were drained starting Oct 9, 2026; Ledger confirmed an unauthorized hardware implant in at least one affected device and says its own systems/direct sales were not compromised; on-chain firms estimate ~$93M stolen (not confirmed by Ledger); models not disclosed
- [Was Trust Wallet hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-trust-wallet-hacked): Short answer: Yes. 2025-12: Malicious browser-extension v2.68 published via leaked Chrome Web Store key; ~$8.5M drained from 2,520 addresses; 2023-04: CVE-2023-31290: Trust Wallet browser extension generated keys with only 32 bits of entropy; exploited Dec 2022 and Mar 2023 (~$170K); Trust Wallet reimbursed affected users; 2023-07: CVE-2024-23660: Trust Wallet iOS used time-seeded randomness for wallet generation; exploited 2023-07-12; Trust Wallet says affected users were notified and migrated; researchers report multiple victims; reimbursement not documented
- [Was Trezor hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-trezor-hacked): Short answer: Not in our sourced record of customer-funds hacks. Other incidents on record: 2024-01 data breach; 2025-09 firmware vulnerability; 2026-07 firmware vulnerability
- [Was MetaMask hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-metamask-hacked): Short answer: Not in our sourced record of customer-funds hacks. 
- [Was Exodus hacked?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/was-exodus-hacked): Short answer: Not in our sourced record of customer-funds hacks. 
- [Coldcard seed-generation flaw explained (2026)](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/coldcard-seed-flaw-explained): Coldcard seed-generation flaw (software PRNG instead of hardware RNG on older firmware) let attackers brute-force seeds; ~$116M in BTC stolen (TRM Labs); fixed firmware since 2026-07-31 but affected seeds must be migrated; Coinkite has not offered reimbursement. Status: Not shown reimbursed.
- [Ledger Connect Kit hack explained (Dec 2023)](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/ledger-connect-kit-hack-explained): Ledger Connect Kit supply-chain attack: malicious library version drained ~$600K from users blind-signing on EVM dApps; Ledger committed to make victims whole via a claims process (by Feb 2024). Status: Ledger committed to reimburse.
- [What is the best crypto wallet?](https://vaultrubric.com/compare/best-crypto-wallet): Hardware wallet (best for long-term storage): Trezor Safe 5. Software wallet (convenient, keys on an internet-connected device): too close to call between Zengo and Edge. Equal weights, as of 2026-10-12.